You Belong To Me Is Mary Higgins Clarks Fifteenth Novel. It Is About A

You Belong to Me is Mary Higgins Clark's fifteenth novel. It is about a youthful clinical analyst named Dr. Susan Chandler who has a radio television show. One day the subject of the show is desolate ladies who vanish and who are later found dead. She raises one explicit instance of a woman named Regina Clausen. Another woman brings in the show and says she may have some data that may be valuable to the case, however she needs to stay mysterious. Dr. Chandler attempts to arrage a gathering with her, and she says she will most likely not have the option to come. That lady is pushed into a transport the following day and is truly harmed. The main observer that saw her get pushed is killed the following day. Dr. Chandler begins following the case, however every time she goes to converse with somebody that may have the option to give her some data, they are as of now dead. At long last, Susan is hot on the killer's path, however doesn't understand that she will be the following casualty. The killer ends up being a person Susan has been dating. He attempts to choke out her and leaves her to kick the bucket. Another specialist companion of Susan's has additionally been focusing on the case however, and he is stressed over something happening to Susan. He discovers her in her office before she chokes, and they can have the police capture the trouble maker before he does any more harm. You Belong to Me is a heavenly spine chiller from one of the class' record-breaking greats, Mary Higgins Clark. (Book Browser 1) Almost all pundits had just great to state about Clark's work. No doube numerous perusers have at least one Mary Higgins Clark books set aside...and not on the grounds that she is one of the most well known enormous print book writers or in light of the fact that her champions consistently come out OK toward the end. More probable this is on the grounds that her books fall into the great Gothic Genre. (Hoopes 1) Another creator remarked, These motivating books will contact every single heart. (Bread cook 2) This was certainly valid for You Belong to Me. Ms. Clark despite everything has the artfulness to furnish her bunch of fans with a top rate understanding experience. (Book Browser 1) One pundit remarked on Clark's riddle composing magazine-To me it appears to be increasingly intended for grocery store checkout lines. In any case, I thing it shows how wel l known riddles are getting. (Detroit News 7) Story thoughts, be that as it may, are one thing Mary Higgins Clark has a lot of. (Hoopes 2) Mary Higgins Clark has carried on with an unprecedented life. She made herself into something beneficial from fundamentally nothing, simply because she buckled down for what she needed. She demonstrated that you can do anything you desire, in the event that you need it awful enough. Clark certainly is an image of character, regard, and diligence, and her smash hits are verification of it, if not her status as a most loved American creator.

It is well established that a judge, as part Essay Example

It is entrenched that an appointed authority, as part Essay It is acceptable set up that an equity, as segment of his inherent force and overruling obligation in each case to ensure that the charged gets a simply test, ever has a circumspection to aside from in any case permissible arraignment grounds if, in his supposition, its harming result on the leaders of the jury exceeds its actual probatory worth. The PACE 1984, s. 78 ( 1 ) , gives that in any condemnable procedures the court may decay to let grounds on which the arraignment propose to trust to be given, on the off chance that it appears to the council that, holding appreciation to all the fortunes, remembering the fortunes for which the grounds was acquired, the induction of the grounds would hold such an unpropitious outcome on the value of the procedures that the court should non to recognize it. The Issue refering A’s situation is whether the fortunes where the grounds acquired by means of the secret accounts are acceptable. The solitary substantial proclamation that can be brought by An up for this situation is in the event that he can demo capture. In spite of the fact that ensnarement is non a considerable resistance component in English Law, where a denounced can demo entanglement, the council may remain the procedures as an abuse of the court’s system or it might aside from grounds in accordance with s.78. Capture can in any case be depicted as state-made offense. A request is whether the imposts officials did close to show A with a regular opportunity to execute an offense. Regardless of whether an imposts official can be said to hold caused the board of trustees of the offense, rather than essentially providing an opportunity for the blamed to execute it, will ordinarily be an a large portion of import factor, yet non needfully conclusive. At last, the g eneral thought will be whether the conduct of the officials were so genuinely inappropriate as to pass on the removal of justness into dishonor. We will compose a custom paper test on It is settled that an appointed authority, as part explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on It is entrenched that an appointed authority, as part explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on It is entrenched that an appointed authority, as part explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The test equity would hold respect to all the fortunes of the example. The council will other than hold regard with respect to whether imposts acted in great religion. Having reasonable confirmations for instinct is one way acceptable religion might be built up. The standard is that legislatures, for example, imposts ought to hinder and watch offense, non make it. The interest for reasonable instinct and legitimate managing are both worried in the stealthy tasks codification of example. In the example refering An, it is difficult to put any situation where the imposts officials might be said to hold violated their limit. There is no issue of them bring oning A to execute the offense or recommendations that any dynamic capacity was played by the imposts officials to unlawful the phone grounds from A. The clandestine account was managed and recorded, and D’s inductions were adequate for them to hold reasonable instincts. In the fortunes, it is profoundly unrealistic that the tes t equity will oversee to remain the procedures or that the grounds will be rejected under s.78. ( 2 ) Litigants lie for a figure of grounds, non all of which mean blame. This is a real issue and ought to be left in the authorities of the jury. Be that as it may, suitable waies are required at times to ensure value. So as to guide juries in their assault to the issue of lies told by the charged, the equity is obliged in numerous occurrences to introduce a specific waies, known asLucas[ 1 ]Direction. Along these lines is expected to caution juries against jumping too much promptly to the choice that any equivocations told by the suspect can be compared with blame. There is a lavish case law, which prompted Judge LJ inR v Middleton[ 2001 ] Crim LR 251, to express that rather than trawling through the hosts of cases and intellectual analyses, it is best for the court to break down whether a notice should be given with regards to each single occurrence. As test equity, the central request that emerges is whether it is extremely essential for him/her to introduce a Lucas way? The equity needs to cover with this in passages made by the arraignment that reason to pronounce that equivocations told by B is grounds of his blame. In exceptional it was recognized inBurge [ 1996 ] Cr App R 163, that in addition to other things, a Lucas way is essential where the arraignment is trying to demo that something said by the suspect, according to a different and discernable issue was a lie, and the indictment depends on the equivocation as grounds of blame comparable to the charge laid against the suspect. This being indistinct to B’s occurrence, a Lucas way will be required by the equity. In that example, the jury will require to be given guidance on the best way to approach the lies told by the charged. In cases where a Lucas way is requiredJSB Specimen Direction No27edicts that the equity should premier express the jury that before they continue more remote, they should make up ones psyche whether they are sure that the suspect truly told the important lie. In this occurrence, B is non testing that he told the lie, he questions that the lie was grounds of his blame. The equity should so venture out on to coordinate that if the jury are sure that B lied purposefully, they should so following wonder why the speculate lied. People groups lie for a wide range of grounds, some are totally guiltless for case to reinforce a genuine guard system, to ensure individual, out of fear or disarray, or to conceal some outrageous conduct other than board of trustees of the offense charged. The equity would so make reference to whatever account the denounced has progressed to elucidate why he lied. At that point, the equity will express the jury that simply in the event that they are sure that the suspect did non lie for a guiltless ground may they handle the lie as grounds back uping the indictment occasion. ( 3 ) Admissions establish a prohibition to the gossip guideline. Some of the time they can by and by turn out undependable and shockingly, even lead to premature births of justness. The start of a confession’s undependability may lie in the techniques used to pull out it: whenever acquired by intimidation, which can cover signifiers of power per unit zone each piece shifted as anguish at one outrageous to unmistakably progressively slippery offices of motivating force introduced to the suspect at the other, there is a field risk that the admission may turn out false ; and this is fairly danger that the admission may turn out false ; and this is somewhat separated from any more distant thought that, as an undertaking of arrangement, the law can non just be believed to hold any truck with admissions got especially diagonal or exceeding strategies. In position of such contemplations, a figure of lawful requests, both procedural and evidentiary, have been acquainted with a situation with cut bringing down the perils of premature births of justness incited by undependable confession booth grounds. In add-on to commissariats, for example, these, in any case, close confinements have been forced on the conditions under which grounds of an admission might be conceded in a condemnable test. In curious, the indictment might be required to turn out that an admission it wishes to abduce was non gotten in a mode that may extend vulnerability on its steadfastness. S. 82 ( 1 ) PACE characterizes an admission and exchanges with the guidelines environing it. A figure of guidelines, legal and regular statute control the tolerability of admissions. C, holding raised sections fighting the tolerability of his admission, it will currently be for the test equity to make up ones brain suitability. S 76 ( 2 ) PACE sets out that a council must with the exception of an admission if the indictment neglects to turn out past reasonable vulnerability that it has non been gotten as an impact of things that were said to C which render his admission undependable. In this example, things said to C about his in-relocation position could seemingly render an admission undependable. No inappropriateness should be appeared on the segment of the imposts official. S 76 ( 2 ) requires the court, in making its assurance to overlook the way that it might be realized that the admission was truly obvious. Farquharson LJ noted inMcGovern ( 1990 ) 92 Cr App R 228,that the way that the admission was in substance genuine is explicitly prohibited by the Act similar to a s ignificant factor’ . The duty of the test equity in make up ones disapproving of tolerability in C’s case will preeminent be assignment of everything said and done, along these lines, seeing information exchanged against the foundation fortunes, and inquisitive whether that was probably going to render any admission by C undependable. The court should make up ones brain whether the Crown has demonstrated past reasonable vulnerability that the admission had non been made as a result of things said or done. Indeed, even where an admission does non struggle s 76 of PACE, the council to boot has a caution to aside from it under s 78 on the off chance that it appears to the court, that holding admiration to all the fortunes in which the grounds was acquired, the induction of the grounds would hold such a foreboding result on the value of the procedures that the court should non to recognize it’ . ( 4 ) A solid articulation for pulling unpropitious illation from quietness happens where the denounced retains his barrier system under inquiry however presents it at test when it might be unreasonably late for it to be countered. S 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, gives that illations can be draw

Dissertation proposal either in marketing, Finance or internantional Essay

Thesis proposition either in promoting, Finance or internantional. business MBA level - Essay Example The run of the mill addresses that come at the top of the priority list are whether such factors have a noteworthy effect in improving the deals of the organization or not. In the event that truly, at that point would it be helpful for the organizations to give more concentration towards their items bundling and arrangement of their items on racks in retail locations. For investigating these inquiries, there is a need to lead an examination, which may give rules to the organizations and retailers with respect to the bundling and rack situating of items. Arranged buys don't comprise all deals; in actuality, a huge part of all out deals is made out of motivation purchasing which shows unavoidable variety concerning variables, for example, bundling and rack situating. Results: without such an exploration, the advertisers will absolutely be at a misfortune. They won't have the option to increase a knowledge into the relationship of variables, for example, bundling and rack situating with Impulse purchasing, subsequently deterring their capacity to control these components furthering their own potential benefit, which could some way or another lead to expanded deal. The exploration paper chose as the base paper of this examination is ‘Unplanned Buying and In-Store Stimuli in Supermarkets’, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 11, No. 2. (May, 1990), pg. 111-121 by Abratt, R. also, D.G. Stephen (1990). ‘Impulse buying’ can be depicted as any buy which a customer makes however doesn't design ahead of time and these days, a significant garbage of purchaser buys are being made without advance or earlier arranging (Hawkin Stern, 1962). In addition, Hawkin additionally contended that Impulse purchasing, in spite of specific implications appended to it, has become a productive and reasonable method for purchasing merchandise and the occurrence of motivation purchasing are developing. Drive purchasing has been believed to be grinding away for the most part on account of FMCGs. Impromptu buying happens in numerous sorts of retail outlets; in any case, it is normally

Act Essay Topics - the Story

Act Essay Topics - the Story Each suggests a specific means of thinking about the effect of censorship. Alright the first thing which you wish to do is you would like to refute the principal conclusion that you made in your position statement. With all these individuals starting to use assisted suicide as a means to end their pain in their very own matter, it would be a fantastic notion to have a deeper look into the matter. Your work is to compose an essay in which you take some type of position on the prompt, all while assessing the 3 perspectives offered in the boxes. You're able to devote 1 paragraph to every perspective and end on the one which most agrees with your own perspective, so that you can develop it a little further. Each has three perspectives for you to select from when making your selection. Then, below this, you'll read three distinct perspectives on the idea presented. In addition, each perspective provides not just a point of view, but the start of some reasoning to back this up. What You Should Do to Find Out About Act Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. One of the greatest approaches to observe how you well you've scored objectively is to check at your ACT Writing percentiles. One of the greatest strategies to help your student prepare for the ACT Writing prompt is to produce a test-like environment to practice. Your essay rating will appear on every score report you send to colleges, irrespective of whether the school demands an essay. You can likewise do the essays offered in the very first section of each one of the tests in the Official Study Guide. If you wish to practice the new SAT essay, very good news! The SAT Essay demonstrates how well you recognize the passage and utilize it as the foundation for a well-written, thought-out discussion. It is probably going to feel more familiar to most students. You've only 40 minutes to compose the ACT essay, so it is a good concept to time your practice essays so that you can establish a writing speed that doesn't cause you to feel rushed. 1 thing you can do is develop your ideas less for the rest of the essay. Spend a couple of minutes on proofreading your essay in case you have time. There are only a few answers to this question, all which have to do with why ACT, Inc. altered the essay in the very first location. College admissions officials wish to observe a sample of your writing to figure out if you're able to express your ideas in a coherent way. An admissions officer is far more likely to bear in mind an applicant who has a rather specific essay written in a distinctive and quirky way. These days, many students decide to compose the optional ACT essay. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. You should evaluate three distinct arguments, you should come up with your own argument, then you've got to relate your argument to the 3 arguments given. Your essay does not need to DO ALL THE THINGS in every single category to be able to be given that score. Make your examples a great deal more specific. Don't begin every sentence with the exact same word, and be certain to vary grammatical structures between sentences. The writing sample of the SSAT is just one of the most overlooked sections as soon as it comes to test prep! Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. You are able to make up evidence and details should you need to, provided that they're plausible.

Idiomatic Phrases Quiz for Advanced Learners

Disaster Management District Administration Essay

District administration is one of the most important parts of the Indian administrative system for disaster management. Right from the British period in India, it was developed to bring the totality of government closer to the people. It was hierarchical sub-system of the state administration performing the specific tasks assigned to it. After independence appropriate empowerment has been provided at various level of administration. In a multi-level planning framework the planning exercise is undertaken at national, state, district, block and village/habitation level. In India, district planning is seen in the third tier in the multi-level planning frameworks. Though at this level organizational arrangement has been defined for disaster†¦show more content†¦There can be various sources for identifying these issues. These are diagnosis of disaster preparedness scenario, participatory exercises needs to be undertaken at district, block, and village level. However there can b e two models of planning process for developing district plan of disaster management. These can be termed as top-down model and bottom-up model. In a top-down model the formulation of the district DM plan can done on this basis of inputs from studies, surveys, participatory meeting at various levels. Thus having these participatory exercises in which all stakeholders are involved identifies the grass root level problems. The top down model of district DM planning process is comparatively less time consuming. In the bottom-up model of district DM planning process, the district plans needs to be formulated on the basis of block plans which are made by integrating and consolidating the village and habitation plans. Thus the process starts at the village/habitation level and the first step is to formulate village/habitation plans or all the villages/habitations of the district. The second step is the consolidation of these village/habitation plans to formulate block level plans and f inally consolidating the block plans to formulate the district plan. This model, though ideally very proper, but is more time consuming as the exercise of formulating village/habitation plans for hundreds and thousands ofShow MoreRelatedDisaster Preparedness Pl Homeland Security Concepts And Directives961 Words   |  4 Pagessolitary, thorough system for the administration of city occurrences. It gives the structure and instruments to the coordination of state backing to the affected nearby governments and influenced people and organizations around it. This disaster preparedness plan clarifies the regular train and structures that have been practiced and developed at the neighborhood, tribal, state, and national levels after some time. In particular, it expands upon the National Incident Management System, which gives a reliableRead MoreA Brief Note On Inter Agency Coordination And Collaborations Impact The Success Of A Humanitarian Relief Operation1553 Words   |  7 PagesAbstr act The primary aim of all agencies involved in disaster relief is to help people and reduce human suffering. But due to the participation of multiple agencies from wide backgrounds, with different interests, visions and financial capability, proper coordination and collaboration between the parties involved, remains a point of concern. Little or zero pre disaster collaboration is found between nodal agencies. The sudden onset of a disastrous event and unpredictability of immediate respondersRead MoreCommunication Facilities for Disaster Management System4466 Words   |  18 PagesCommunication facilities for disaster management System [pic] Over the last few decades, a numbers of countries have set up disaster management information systems according to their own specific needs. Disasters are unpredictable and occur suddenly like earthquake, floods, drought and cyclone etc. Communication facilities for disaster management system is most important act as it convey at the right time communication in disaster,it may handle disaster and helping to decrease it. Two typeRead MoreWhat Kind Of Neighboring Agencies Agreements Are Important?1674 Words   |  7 Pageson terrorist events, the response to most terrorist events can include civil disorders, public disruption, and devastation to infrastructure as well as the death of citizens. Devastation can depend on how well the area is trained in dealing with disasters and the type of terrorist event that is carried out. This essay will talk about using the current response of an area with little duty principle equipped with a non-permanent crisis supervision principal to address any terrorist events that occurRead MoreThe Disaster Of Tamil Nadu Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pageshappiness the deep depression over Bay of Bengal with the heavy rain brought the sadness to the various villages of coastal districts of Tamil Nadu state. The depression brought in gusty winds with the speed of 60-90 kms per hour throughout the day and out of 13 blocks of cuddalore districts the immediate rain affected the total 11 blocks and various villages. The disaster affected severely and left number of dead, rendered lakhs of hungry and homeless, flattened thousands of houses and buildingsRead MoreIncident Command System and the Role of Incident Commander669 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Incident Command System A hurricane is one of the natural disasters that wreck havoc destroying property, lives and infrastructure. During hurricane incidences, the incident commander has the obligation to carry out the tasks of; commanding, operations, planning, logistics, finance and administration of the whole process (Natural Hazards Center, 2006). He should therefore be in position to quickly make the following decisions. The incident commander (IC) should ensure that the rescue workers involvedRead MoreDisaster Management in Pakistan5849 Words   |  24 PagesDISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN Introduction 1. Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the vulnerability of the area. 2. Pakistan, due to its diverse range of terrain, is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from droughts to floods and earthquakes to cyclones. Pakistan suffered a major drought from 1995-2000. Pakistan almostRead MoreDisaster Management4138 Words   |  17 PagesIndia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are prone to natural disasters of various kinds on a continual basis. Coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of infrastructure, the natural disasters kill thousands of people and leave a devastating impact on economy and environment. The importance of telecommunication in disaster management has been widely accepted since the early days of the development of radio communication. Disasters can strike without warning at any time of the day orRead MoreWhy I Got Into The Field Of Public Administration Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe reasons that I got into the field of public administration was the community needs and its’ lifeblood. Plus, I have this desire to constant improve the overall policies for the ideal of good government. Ever since I got into the graduate school for a Master of Public Administration at the San Diego State University. I came from a small town in the east and moved to one of major cities in the United States. Everything and everyone from there opened my eyes wide opened to the world and all of its’Read MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 Pages1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created t he Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting and serving the American people. That commitment to the people we serve and the belief in our survivor centric mission will never change.† This is stated on fema.gov; this shows that FEMA was designed to be the leaders in effect for disasters that affect the people. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the action of leading a group of people

Alcohol-Related Violence in Sydney

Question: Describe about the Parliamentary note advising the Attorney General with a summary of the research on whether the lock out laws in Kings Cross are an effective way to curb alcohol and drug fuelled violence in Sydeney. Answer: Parliamentary note advising the Attorney General with a summary of the research on whether the lock out laws in Kings Cross are an effective way to curb alcohol and drug fuelled violence. While responding to the widely publicized reports regarding alcohol-related violence in Sydney, particularly in Kings Cross area, a package of reforms was announced by the NSW government which was passed into legislation on 30th Jan, 2014. The most significant among these measures is the creation of a new entertainment 'precinct' where special alcohol licensing conditions will apply. Some of these measures will also apply to the present King's Cross presinct that was created under earlier legislation. Apart from these precinct specific conditions, this package also introduced a ban on take away alcohol sales after 10 pm and it applied to both the shops, clubs and hotels. These provisions have been in effect since 24 February, 2014. In this regard, it has been claimed by the police that the number of savage assaults in the popular nightspots of Sydney have dropped significantly after the introduction of lockout laws. At the same time, it has also been claimed that there is no evidence to suggest that the problem has moved elsewhere (Roth, 2014). However, according to the data collected by the city of Sydney, it may be the result of lesser people partying in Kings Cross and CBD. On the other hand, the police claims that there was a feeling that a positive shift has taken place towards a safer environment. In this regard, the police claim that after the six months of these laws coming into force, only two incidents were reported related with assault causing grievous bodily harm. On the other hand, during the same period in the earlier year, the number of such incidents was 22 (Pilgrim, Gerostamoulos, and Drummer, 2014). During this period, police issued nearly 350 banning orders for Kings Cross. Out of these banning orders, most were short-term orders however, a few were long-term also. The banning orders allowed the police to apply for the removal of a person from Kings Cross percent for up to a year if such person has been convicted of a serious alcohol-related offense in the past. In this way, the police feel that encouraging signs are present to suggest a reduction in intoxication. These lock-out laws were introduced to deal with violence that is related with alcohol after the one punch death of Daniel Christie and Thomas Kelly. According to these laws, the licensed premises in Kings Cross and CBD are required to lockout patrons from 1:30 am and similarly these premises are also required to stop serving alcohol after 3 am (Plunk, 2013). In this matter, it is acknowledged by the police that there were less than people on the streets at night and it has also contributed in a decrease in assaults. In the same way, the research conducted by the city of Sydney on six Saturday nights in March and April revealed that the foot part congestion was less by 84% to 78% in some areas as compared to the level in December 2012. On the basis of CCTV footage and observations by the officers of the Council, it was found that they were lesser people on the streets and at the same time, lesser incidence in the CBD. As a result, concerns have been raised that some businesses may have been forced to close down or struggling to survive after the introduction of these laws (Morgan and McAtamney 2009). As a result, there has been a call for the review of these measures after one year instead of conducting such a review after two years. It has also been argued by the clubs and pubs that these laws can move the alcohol-related violence to areas that are outside the lockout zone. However in this regard, the police claim that although a slight increase in the crowds in these areas has been reported, but there has been no increase in alcohol-related violence in these areas. At the same time, the staff from the hospital in the area informed that a significant decrease has taken place in case of alcohol related presentations at the hospital. However, it still requires to be examined if 'displacement' of violence related with alcohol was an issue. In this regard, some experts believe that it is too soon to evaluate the success of these laws, particularly due to the reason that generally the rate of assault drops after its peak in January. Therefore, it may be too early to evaluate the decrease and data for some more months may be required (Laing, Sendall and Barker, 2013). On the other hand, the Australian Hotels Association, NSW believes that the government may have "moved too quickly" in this matter. It is also claimed by them that too many regulations have been imposed by the government at once and as a result, it is not possible to point out which regulations have been more effective as compared to the others. In the same way, the decision to ban take away liquor sales after 10 pm has also been criticized on the grounds that the pubs and farmers in the country areas have become the 'unintended victims' of the policy (Laslett, 2010). As a result, it can be recommended in the present case that these measures need to be implemented throughout the State. By not doing so, artificial and problematic flow of people may be created towards other entertainment districts which are not well equipped to deal with the late-night patrons. On the other hand, if these measures are implemented throughout the state, people will be going out earlier, instead of going elsewhere and at the same time, it will also ensure that the overall revenue remains the same. References Laing, A.J., M.C. Sendall, and R. Barker, 2013, Alcohol-related violence presenting to the emergency department: is 'glassing' the big issue?, Emerg Med Australas, 25(6): p. 550-7 Laslett, A. et al 2010, The Range and Magnitude of Alcohols Harm to Others, Fitzroy, Victoria: AER Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health, p. 63 Morgan, A. and A. McAtamney 2009, Key issues in alcohol-related violence, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra Pilgrim, J.L., D. Gerostamoulos, and O.H. Drummer, 2014, "King hit" fatalities in Australia, 2000-2012: the role of alcohol and other drugs, Drug Alcohol Depend, 135: p. 119-32 Plunk, A. 2013, The Persistent Effects of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Laws on Drinking Patterns Later in Life, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Volume 37, Issue 3, pages 463469 Roth, L. 2014, Liquor licensing restrictions to address alcohol-related violence in NSW: 2008 to 2014, NSW Parliamentary Research Service

Hiroshima Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, little boy on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any

The Viet-Innocent Essays - Imperialism, Laotian Civil War

The Viet-Innocent Essays - Imperialism, Laotian Civil War The Viet-Innocent The Viet-Innocent Imagine yourself in a newly strange, unfamiliar tropical jungle environment. The catch is, your purpose is not to take eye-catching photographs for National Geographic magazine. Instead, you are assigned to kill people of a foreign land you have never seen before, because your government tells you it is the patriotic, honorable duty you owe your country. Everything is all right in the beginning. You arrive in Vietnam, familiarize yourself with your platoon, acquaintances and close friends alike. The worst things so far are the irritating, annoying insects that buzz around you in the midst of the tropical heat while wearing a hot, uncomfortable marine uniform, while carrying a heavy backpack and a semi-automatic weapon, and fatigue from hiking and digging numerous trenches. Until one night in the jungle, someone you are perhaps close with is blown to pieces before your eyes. Its possible the only thing left of them is sadly their lower half. It is the first time you have witnessed ano ther human being violently, grotesquely mutilated to unexpected death in only a matter of a second. Emotions are raging through you: fear, anger, shock, frustration, paranoia, sadness, and maybe after seeing this numerous times, you might actually, but sickly enough begin to laugh. Not at all the death that is around you, but realizing that the fighting never seems to end and that this is the life to which you must be accustomed. You can not tell apart the Viet-Kong from regular civilians, since they can be anyone-even women and children. You are unable to communicate with anyone in this land because they do not speak your language and you do not speak theirs. You do not know exactly what intentions any random person of this foreign land may have; you only know you are there to carry out one specific task-kill the Viet-Kong. This is difficult when they are indistinguishable from regular civilians. Now imagine experiencing this every day for a year, or until you are the one who becom es a statistic. The people here are no longer people, but instead referred to as gooks, slant-eyes, or Charlie: the enemy. Many soldiers who committed unspeakable acts of brutality against the people of Vietnam are not responsible for their actions and were heavily influenced to do so against their conscience and will. We as a nation may view the soldiers who partook in incidents such as the My Lai massacre with disgust, embarrassment, and disappointment, as they are representative of our country. Nevertheless, we must consider the unexpected motives and circumstantial situations that led them to do so. Constant exposure to daily routine violence and death among fellow soldiers/friends, the inability to distinguish the enemy from regular civilians, and the US government itself all contributed to the commitment of atrociously brutal and ruthlessly violent acts against Vietnamese civilians. There were thousands of soldiers who experienced pressures and conditions that influenced the gradual alteration of their state of mind. Many soldiers experienced fellow platoon members getting so horrifically wounded from battle to the point of permanently intense disfiguration and more commonly death. Of these statistics, some would no longer partake in the fighting against the Vietnamese or normal routine life the way they knew it before the war-forever handicapped. The majority however, would no longer live to again embrace their families, friends, significant others, and perhaps even children. According to Kregg P.J. Jorgensons Beaucoup Dinky Dau: Odd, Unusual, and Unique Stories of the Vietnam War, Peter Martinsen, a former Vietnam veteran recalls of a fellow platoon member: He just sat there in the grass just laughing. He's laughing and he's yelling. Goddamn, I'm hit. You know what this means? I'm getting out of this *censored*! He's pointing to his missing leg and he's laughi ng. This is my way out of this *censored*! Out. Out. In Philip Caputo's A Rumor of War, A sergeant in Caputo's platoon states I have a wife and two kids at home and I don't care who or how many people I have to kill to see them again. (156). In addition to standard combat, the Vietnamese were very brutal towards the Americans. Many American soldiers were tortured and killed by the Viet-Kong. Any captured American

Multiculturalism In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiculturalism In America - Essay Example Multiculturalism is not merely about the demographic composition of the American population, but how political systems frame the cultural diversity especially in participation in national matters (Alonso 24). The United States has witnessed high influx of immigrants from all parts of the world. Multiculturalism is closely related with identity politics, but requires the different religions, ethnic diversity and cultural diversities to be accommodated in the national issues such as representation. Government multiculturalism policies that promote multiculturalism include the federal support of newspapers and television that broadcast in the minority languages, support for minority festivals, encouragement of minority representation in education and politics (Donovan 99). Other public policies that encourage multiculturalism include acceptance of traditional dress codes in schools (Alonso 68). Multiculturalism is problematic since it reinforces the oppression of minorities in the socie ty. Critics of multiculturalism argue that it leads to segregated communities. This is because cultural differences such as traditions, values and shared beliefs are recognized in the nation-level thus denying opportunities for social cohesion (Alonso 63). Although protection of the minorities in the society will reduce the inequalities, racial or cultural based protections of the minorities will exacerbate the inequalities since powerful members of a particular minority group will undermine the opportunities and liberties of the vulnerable members of the particular group (Donovan 123). Feminists argue that multiculturalism will lead to entrenchment of the cultural practices that deny women equality and undermine the protection of women rights in the society. Accordingly, cultural practices like customary law on polygamy and religious laws will undermine the dominant legal system thus perpetrating the inequality of women in the society (Alonso 128). The duty of the government is to safeguard the individual rights, but not group rights. Granting cultural groups specific rights and protections undermines the individual rights to liberty and right of association in the society (Donovan 45). Accordingly, the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution is framed on the ideals of liberty, respect for universal human rights and right to pursue happiness. In addition, American ethos is based on individualism, equality in opportunities and egalitarianism thus all different cultures must internalize in order to ensure societal stability. In this regard, government policies that promote multiculturalism will create social instability and distinct cultural ideas other than those that have governed Americans since independence (Alonso 234). Multiculturalism undermines the struggles for justice and redistribution in the US. The politics of cultural recognition seeks to remedy the status inequality, but redistribution challenges the inequality in distribution of resource s and seeks economic restructuring in order to attain economic justice. For instance, Jim Crow laws of the southern states perpetuated political disenfranchisement thus providing opportunities for economic isolation of the Black Americans (Donovan 110). Multiculturalism entrenches cultural distinction thus leading to power differentials that hinder economic justice to the traditionally isolated minority groups like Black Americans (Alonso 178). Critics of multiculturalism argue that cultures should not be preserved since they are influenced by immigration, imperialism and international trade. Advancement in technology, influence of the mass media

Smart Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart Goals - Assignment Example Smart Goal: I would like to increase my skills and experience in sales and being a sales person. Measurable: I want to gain the required expertise and expertise by working in a sales agency. Attainable: I will work for other established sales agency to acquire necessary skills and expertise. Realistic: I will work for part time basis and later for permanent terms in already successful sales agencies Timely: I will begin at the end of my semester during school break. Smart goal: I would like to acquire the require skills in being a sales agent and team leader Measurable: I want to have the best effective skills in sales and team management Attainable: I will seek attachment in a sales oriented institution in order to acquire required management skills. Realistic: I will work in the company for a full time basis in the attachment period, but then seek alternative employment in a related company for a full employment basis. Timely: I will begin at the beginning of my final semester in s chool

Kodak Essay Example for Free

Kodak Essay The purpose of this report is to perform an extensive analysis of the Eastman Kodak digital photography brand, and ultimately, to provide a sound marketing strategy to their board based on our findings. We do so by examining both a macro view of the digital camera industry as well as analyzing the brand’s history, positioning, success factors, and current challenges. We discovered that Eastman Kodak, while once the unquestionable leader in the film industry, failed to adapt to changing technological market trends and was left behind the digital revolution. Kodak’s unsuccessful response to a major technological discontinuity has resulted in a profound loss of market share and profitability. We have developed a market plan for the dire state Kodak currently finds itself in, one that will attempt to reinvigorate Kodak’s brand as a premium name in digital photography by returning to its traditional values and competencies. While the company currently operates through three distinct segments: Digital Film Imaging, Health Group, and Graphic Communications, we have narrowed our scope to focus primarily on the digital film segment as we felt that this area has the most potential for improvement in the near future. The Digital Film Industry Origins of the Market The evolution of the digital camera market mirrors the evolution of the technology and innovations surrounding photography itself. Throughout the nineteenth century the motivations behind innovations and discoveries in photography surrounded the speed and affordability of creating an exposure. Some of the earliest photographs took up to eight hours of exposure to complete, and were often contained on flimsy and expensive materials, that did not lend themselves to being easily shared. It is evident that the desire to quickly create and share still images existed more than a century before modern digital cameras were ever created. Early attempts at digitizing images for storage remained largely in the video imaging segment, and very little focus was put on the technology for still images. The progress that was made was characterized by poor picture quality and very difficult storage procedures. As a result, professional photographers and hobbyists clung to the old processes of developing film well into the 1990’s. In reality it was the increasingly competitive nature of the news media, particularly in the newspaper industry that led to some of the more workable innovations in digital still imaging technology. It was seen as a competitive advantage for a media outlet to take, store, and send images through digital transmission, rather than wait for a slow development process before a picture could even be viewed. It is no coincidence that the first commercially available digital cameras were incredibly expensive and used almost exclusively by photo journalists. As was the case with the market, for still cameras relying on 35mm film for picture development, it was technological breakthroughs that spurred the growth of the digital camera market. With the development of JPEG file formats in the late 1980’s digital images could be taken and stored on the same device using battery power. Although there are many competitive claims as to who entered the market first, Kodak was arguably the first entrant in 1991 with the DCS-100. The Growth of Digital Photography The transformation from conventional to digital photography was a total shift of technology that not only completely changed the way companies of this industry operate, but also the products and services they offered. Advancement in the information and communication technologies also significantly contributed in shaping digital photography, as well as the digital camera itself. Computers were being used to store and edit photographs, while internet offered an easy way to share and distribute multiple copies of the image to different people at the same time. Furthermore, the concept of a photograph being original was eliminated as duplicate, unidentifiable copies of the image were possible. The key growth stages of the digital photography can be summarized as follows. Steven Sasson (of Kodak) invented the digital camera in 1985 in Kodak research laboratories. The low operating cost, easy storage and distribution were the major attractive features of this new product. Instead of using film like traditional analog cameras they were able to store the image on internal storage or on rewritable memory cards. In 1986, many electronic cameras were released by different manufacturers, e.g., Canon released first still video electronic camera, Kodak: 1.4 million pixel CCD, Nikon: SVC, electronic camera with a 2/3-inch CCD of 300 000 pixels, Sony: Mavica A7AF still video camera, (CCD) of 380,000 pixels which records images onto a 2-inch floppy disks. The world’s first fully digital consumer digital camera was released by Fuji, with the feature that images could be digitally recorded on a removable memory cards. Since then the improvement in camera manufacturing has continued over the years, as new players joined the race with the discovery of new dimensions of digital technology and its applications, and the need for new accessories. Hewlett-Pakard’s ink jet printers became consumer items. Sanyo, Samsung, Olympus also released new digital cameras, and Toshiba manufactured memory cards. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) created compression file format to easily transfer digital image electronically. The products were further improved with the better understanding of digital technology as continued research and costs were considerably reduced in 1998, leading to exponential rise in sales of digital cameras over the next years. (See Exhibit 1 to see how digital camera sales have skyrocketed since the turn of the century). New professions emerged covering various available features of the digital cameras, and cameras were developed for the specific segments and niches, such as amateur photography, advertizing photography, editorial photography, documentary photography and scientific photography. Digital photography is still far from maturity, as products are continuously introduced or improved though constant innovation. The need to develop specifications (sizes, dimensional tolerance for imaging media, and formats for all major users) and written standards for digital imaging are realized, developed by American National Standards Institute and International Standards Organization. Ultimately, the arrival of digital photography, combined with the ever-improving capabilities of computers to store and display photographs, and the Internet to share them helped revolutionize the major customer processes associated with photography. Photographs could now be taken by consumers at virtually no cost, who could then choose to save or delete their photos with the push of a button, and decide to print them on a PC printer or via email. It is clear then that the industry is almost completely driven by both social and technological change. Competitors Overall, the digital film industry is a highly competitive one. An analysis of the forces that determine the long-run profit attractiveness of this particular segment would reveal that the industry has: high threat of segment rivalry (existence of several large competing companies); high threat of new entrants (abundance of digital photography technology on mobile devices); extremely high threat of substitute devices (countless ways to put an image into digital format); high threat of buyer power (low differentiation level of most digital cameras); and finally, high threat of supplier power (cost of switching suppliers for a large digital camera company would be astronomical). Kodak manufactures and distributes a large number of different products, primarily focused around photography. The sale of each line of products comes with its own competitors. However, for the purposes of this report, the focus of the competitor analysis will be on cameras, both digital and non digital varieties. The camera industry had worldwide sales of $35.5 billion in 2010. Given the large value of this industry, it is important to know what share of the market Kodak’s competitors’ control. A look at the market for digital SLR cameras, disposable cameras and film follows. The world market for digital SLR cameras is dominated by Canon and Nikon, who held world market shares of 37% and 33% respectively in 2010. The remaining 30% market share is held primarily by Sony and Olympus/Panasonic. Sony sold 12% of the world’s digital SLR cameras in 2010, and Olympus/Panasonic had 11% of the market in that same period. Kodak was only one of the several competitors who comprise the remaining 7% of worldwide digital SLR camera sales. Low cost digital SLR cameras have come on to the market and are competing in the same space as digital compact cameras. A look at Kodak’s website showed only one brand of digital SLR camera is being offered by Kodak. Since Kodak is primarily competing in the digital camera space through compact cameras, the shift in digital SLR cameras to a lower price point does not bode well for Kodak since it increases competition. Disposable camera sales in 2009 were comprised primarily of cameras under the Kodak and Fuji brands. Kodak enjoyed a 52.9% market share in this period, while Fuji held 18.1% of the world market. The majority of the remaining 29% of the worldwide market of disposable cameras came from private label brands, who sold 28.4% of disposable cameras worldwide. Disposable cameras like any other cameras come in two varieties, analogue and digital. The market for analogue cameras has been decreasing over the years. For instance, the sales of analogue cameras decreased from US$1,335.5 million in the United States in 2004 to only US$9.5 million in 2009. This is a decrease in sales of over 99% in only 6 years. Although Kodak has kept a leading position in the analogue market, the dissolution of the market for analogue cameras limits the value of Kodak’s leading position in this segment. Kodak has also kept a leading position in the sale of camera film. However, this market segment has seen a similar fall in sales as the decrease in the disposable camera market. In this segment, Fuji is once again Kodak’s largest competitor. Kodak’s tagline â€Å"Kodak Moments† helps it maintain its leadership position in film, but the sharp decline in the sale of film and a strong competitor in Fuji once again limits the value of this leading position. The market for cameras has seen a rise in the competitiveness of one particular alternative product that may limit the growth potential of the camera industry in the future. Mobile phones with cameras built in now form the main substitute to cameras. Since these devices have many features such as video, audio, and internet browsing, and are relatively inexpensive, they represent a real threat to the camera industry. 80% of the world demand for the imaging devices and optical modules that comprise the cameras in mo bile phones is handled by Panasonic, Sony, Sharp and Konica Minolta. Kodak does not compete in this market. Other substitutes that Kodak will need to compete with are counterfeit items. Not only are these items likely to be sold at lower prices, they are also generally inferior in quality and could harm the brand of the companies whose products are being counterfeit. From this analysis of the current competitive landscape, we can see that Kodak’s most important competitors in digital cameras are Canon, Nikon, Sony, Panasonic and Fuji. (See Exhibit 2 for a look at Kodak compared to its traditional competitor, Fuji). Customers The digital film industry targets a large number of consumers spanning different segments and demographics. The following will illustrate who these main consumers are and which kinds of individuals digital photography appeals to. Segments Digital photography is targeted to two major segments; professional and non-professional consumers. As expected, the needs of these two target segments are quite different, and organizations in the digital camera industry market their product to appeal to these distinct expectations and needs. Digital camera companies, therefore, market their product to these diverse groups and consequently identify further submarkets and niche markets. Demographics In the world of photography demographic segmentation plays very vital role in marketing the product. In this method of segmentation, demographics is important because customers’ wants, desires, preferences, and usages are strongly associated with demographic variables. Interest in photography generally starts at early age, usually early teenagers. Consumers are not especially conscious about the brand but want to fulfill their purpose. However, this is the phase where a perception of the brand starts taking position in the minds and get stronger and stronger with the time. After this phase consumers of age 20 to 50 are divided into different groups. Some people adopt photography as profession, some use it for their extensive tourism habits, and finally some take it as fun and leisure activity and some use it as their need. This use depends on their nature, living style and job requirement. Professionals, who adopt photography as occupation or as their hobby, are always more conscious about the quality and success results. They don’t want to see that there is no photo in their camera after any event coverage or after returning from an adventure. They need more reliable equipment with guarantee of better results because this is their earning source. If someone is pursuing photography just for fun and don’t have passions for the hobby then they will typically not pay as close attention to the bells and whistles of the product. In terms of gender, photography appeals to both men and women alike. Marketing does not generally target men or women, although recent manufacturing of point and shoot cameras includes the product in a variety of colours for the consumer to choose from. Lastly, demographics in the digital film industry relies on the consumer’s income. The major manufacturers of digital cameras have realized this, and typically offer product ranging from budget quality, to expensive professional equipment. Psychographics Psychology is also a strong variable to understand consumers. People are different based on their personality traits, psychology, life style and values. Psychographic profile could be completely different within same demographic group of consumers. For example, two individuals of same age group have same range of income like photography as a fun but they have different psychology. One is more caring about quality with regard to details captured in the pictures and the other more focus on the originality of the colours of the pictures. For this reason, camera manufacturers have produced cameras with a plethora of adjustable features, which can be modified to suit the user’s preferences. Important Trends The broad industry of photo imaging and cameras has gone through some profound changes over the past several decades. As expected, technological advancements over the past century are the prime drivers of the various trends this industry has witnessed. Perhaps the greatest transformation this industry has seen has been the relatively recent rise of the digital camera phenomenon. Although the prototype for the digital film industry began with the development of Sony’s analog-type â€Å"Mavica† electronic camera, this product did not gain immediate acceptance in the marketplace due to its high price and the lack of suitable peripherals (i.e personal computers). The larger trend towards digital cameras then was truly popularized in the late 1990s and early 2000s with digital â€Å"point and shoot† cameras, of which Kodak participated in at a much later stage than its competitors. With the release of these user friendly devices, digital camera sales increased by 75% per year by 1997 where film cameras increased by 3%. At first, the absence of an LCD screen for formatting, shooting, and reviewing purposes proved to be a hindrance to the popularization of digital cameras. Once the LCD screen was introduced, the trend was ignited. Photos could now be viewed immediately, and kept or discarded as the consumer desired. Today, most major camera manufacturers have made the exodus from film to digital. Canon as well as Nikon surprised the world when they agreed to stop production of most film cameras, setting another trend that has continued to this day. Another major shift in the world of digital photography was the gradual emergence of cameras on mobile phones. As technology improved, so did the quality of cameras included with virtually every mobile device. As expected, this had an impact on the sale of cheap digital cameras, as the phenomenon was now available to anyone who had a mobile device. This trend continues to this day, with both iphones and Blackberries including high quality cameras with their mobile devices. Currently, there has been a revival of DSLR cameras, with Canon and Nikon holding the majority of market share. Although it is difficult to predict future trends in the camera industry, many market researchers, trend watchers, and technology prognosticators agree that digital is here to stay. Easy access to necessary peripherals such as personal computers and even printers has garnered quick acceptance of the digital camera by consumers. The move to digital will remain; however, the relative maturation of the Japanese, North American and European digital camera markets may result in repeat buyers, as well as marketing cameras to for late adopters. This could all culminate in lower profit margins for some of the worlds leading camera manufacturers.

Dorothy Richardson Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Though acknowledged by literary circles as the first writer to use the stream-of-consciousness technique in her writing, Dorothy Richardson is not as widely recognized as the founder of this style. Her mannerisms and thought processes were affected for the rest of her life by her upbringing in a poverty-stricken family. Brought into the world in 1873, Richardson was destined for stereotypical feminine occupations: a tutor-governess in Hanover and London, a secretary, and an assistant. Her mother’s suicide in 1895 completely broke up the family, only adding to the need for Richardson to find a means of supporting herself. Fortunately, Richardson became involved with the socialists in the area, as well with the people living in Bloomsbury, and soon after she abandoned her secretarial work. She became involved in translations and freelance journalism as an introduction to the bohemian lifestyle; from there she met and married Alan Odel, a much younger man who was somewhat of a cult figure in bohemia at the time, with his waist length hair he wore wrapped around his head. Throughout her lifetime, Richardson published a large number of essays, short stories, poems, as well as sketches. Most famous is her Pilgrimage series, a thirteen novel project that was the first in literature to employ what Richardson preferred to call â€Å"interior monologues.† Pointed Roofs was the first novel in the series and consequentially, the first to introduce such a style of writing. She presented the story with a sense of immediacy, rather than from a retrospective view. Instead of telling narratives in the sense that the realists did, Richardson let the current moment monopolize the literature so that the present could prevail over the past. It... ... Hanscombe, Gillian E. The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Athens: Ohio Universty P, 1983. Staley, Thomas F. Dorothy Richardson. Boston: Twayne, 1976. Winning, Joanne. The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson . Wisconsin Press. 21 Mar. 2004 . Related Links: Women of the Left Bank http://home.sprynet.com/~ditallop/homepage.htm Modernism: American Salons http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/ International Review of Modernism http://www.modernism.wsu.edu/ Eisenstein, Joyce, and the Gender Politics of English Literary Modernism http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/FINE/juhde/tiess931.htm â€Å"The Part Played by Women:† The Gender of Modernism at the Armory Show http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MUSEUM/Armory/gender.html

Microfinance in India

India has always been a very agrarian focused culture, with approximately 450 million people are currently in need of funds. Micromanage encompasses many different types of services such as credit, savings, Insurance, remittance and pensions. Micromanage Initiatives primarily focus on microcircuit services because rural towns are heavily reliant on credit for a wide range of needs for example engage In economic activity, consumption needs, mitigate Income shocks, Increase savings and improve self-empowerment. In many micromanage areas, women comprise most of the groups because they are seen as more reliable with funds.Indian's micromanage evolution can be broken down into 4 distinct phases. Indian's micromanage movement started in 1903 through its credit cooperative movement. Before this movement, the poor often relied on the village's money lender whenever they needed access to cash. Money lenders were notorious for high interest rates; they would charge approximately 3%-8% per mont h on loans. Although money lenders would prey on farmer, they had no other choice to use them because they could not get access to banks. Farmers' earnings were directly related to how well their crops fared.High Interest rates coupled with possible years of famine made repayment Impossible caused agrarians to riot. In 1904, the Co-operative Society Act extended credit to Indian villages under government sponsorship as an alternative to traditional money lenders. Cooperatives were the only option to most rural areas because of its spatial spread and penetration in remote areas. During this phase commercial banks did not venture into rural areas because they were in the private sector and had no incentive to extend their outreach to rural areas. However they became unreliable because of NAP inefficiencies and they lacked revisionism's.Credit cooperatives had trouble distributing funds due to frozen assets from overdue repayments. Therefore rural areas stopped using credit cooperative s and opted for high interest money lenders. The next phase of Indian's micromanage evolution was the Nationalization of Social Banking. In 1969, former Prime Minister Nadir Ghanaian nationalized 14 major sector banks In part of her political policy to eradicate poverty. After the nationalization of banks, regional rural banks (Orbs) were created in order to strengthen the rural banking structure and reach more people.These banks offered a hybrid service of the previous cooperative banks with a more localized approach. Approximately a decade after, the government sponsored the Integrated Rural Development Program (ARID) to deliver RSI. 15000 to the poor. Indian's Integrated Rural Development Program (ARID) is a great example of inefficient subsidized credit. This program was set up in order to address the need to allocate funds according to social targets, meaning that 30% of the fund was allocated to socially excluded groups (defined using the caste system) and 30% towards women.Be tween 1979 and 1989, there was a huge period f ARID growth due to a huge subsidy budget of $6 billion. But despite the huge fund, the scheme did not generate a good Institutional performance. ARID repayment rates fell below and only of borrowers took out a second loan after the first loan was repaid; which is particularly troubling given it is perceived that repeating rate fell to Just 31%, and therefore the ARID failed its key purpose: being a reliable and meaningful lender to the poor.According to the Rural Finance Program at the Ohio State University, the main mistake government-led development banks (such as he ARID) made, was to view offering credit as the same as offering seeds. Ohio argues that credit should be thought of as a fungible tool of financial intermediation, and as not as a specific input into a production process. They claimed that credit could not Just be directed towards any particular section of society; and when this was linked with cheap credit policies, this caused havoc in rural financial markets.This outcome was due to the inadequate accounting of incentive effects and politics associated with subsidies. It is argued that subsidizing banks created inefficient monopolies and removed market tests. Some have even gone on to say that the households involved would have been better off without the subsidies. Firstly subsidized banks pushed out the informal money lenders, a source of credit the poor heavily rely on. Secondly, the use of subsidized credit means that the interest rate, a rationing mechanism, is driven down below market rates, breaking down the rationing mechanism.This meant that credit was no longer allocated to the most productive projects, and was often distributed on the basis of political and social desires. Thirdly, with subsidized lending, bankers incentives to collect savings posits were almost eradicated due to the constant flow of capital from the government, so poor households were left with unattractive and ineffic ient ways to save. During this phase, a trade union of self-employed women workers in Gujarat established a Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWS) bank in 1974.Approximately 4000 members contributed RSI. 10 to register as a co-operative bank to provide banking services to poor women. This successful bank was one of the first initiatives to introduce micromanage. The third phase of Indian's micromanage evolution is the introduction of SSH bank engage program and the growth of MONGO- Miff. The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Banking (ONBOARD) was established in 1982 to focus primarily on agricultural and rural development. In 1992, ONBOARD pioneered the first self help group.These informal groups of women promote savings among members and used these resources for meeting their credit needs. A breakdown of this model is that in every meeting, the members would put aside a certain amount for deposit. These deposits are then recorded and through accumulation they become a way for members to lend to each other. Although the interest rates in this model are higher than what banks offer, the SSH groups reap the benefits because the repayment goes directly into the group's savings. This means that the group's loaning capabilities increases the more its members regularly save.In this model, there is no formal banking institution that provides loans. The primary goal of this model is for all members to begin their own saving initiatives. Later this model evolved to become part of Self Help Group Bank Linkage program (Kbps); after analyzing a SSH for 6 to 8 months, banks would pair up with groups to extend the credit of the group. After another period of 6 to 8 months, banks would offer a larger credit line; the maximum a group could borrow was four times their current savings account. Currently Kbps account for 58% of current loans outstanding.Micromanage Institutions (Miff), Non These type of institutions are similar to Bangladesh Grahame Model. In 1976 Unhan dsomely created the Grahame Bank Model as a project to assist poor families by offering credit. Grahame means Mileage† in Bengali. This type of banking was used to show that the poor people of Bangladesh are indeed bankable and able to pay back loans without promising collateral. The model success is based on the fact that there is no need for collateral however through group peer pressure, 96% of all loans are repaid.By offering lower interest rates than the Government of Bangladesh and weekly repayment schedules, the Grahame model has been very successful. This model has been very successful in Bangladesh and has become a formal banking structure in 1983. India modified this banking structure and Joint Liability Groups Loss) became the dominant model used in Micromanage institutions (Miff). This model is similar to Bangladesh Grahame Model but it introduces an important concept, Joint liability. In this model, there is usually 4 to 10 members who are self selected.Due to sel f selection, most of Joint liability groups are homogeneous groups. Whenever the group decides to take out a loan, all members must sign a Joint liability contract; this ensures that if one member fails to repay the loans, the other members are liable for it. This type of collateral is called social collateral because members often use peer pressure to make sure that all members repay their loans. This type of group is intended to Just be credit groups and regular savings by embers are not required. The group only exists because individual members are legally bound to one another.Miff prefer this model to provide credit to tenant farmers because the groups are easy to make and there are less restrictions regarding the utilization of the loan. During this phase, Miff experienced a boom because Nags coupled themselves with Miff to attract commercial investment. Indian's current phase of micromanage encompasses the centralization of micromanage. Throughout its history, micromanage has gone through an intense transformation to provide microcircuit for a wide range of services. Currently India uses a hybrid of the above models in its Miff.However Miff are being criticized for its high interest rates. Many borrowers only apply for loans between 5000-20000 rupees; the small value incurs high fixed costs for Miff. To avoid losing money, Miff often charge higher interest rates. Four key reasons why Miff charge high rates include: the cost of funds, Miff operating expenses, loan losses, and profits needed to expand their capital base and fund expected future growth. The costs that are associated with microcosms are the cost of the money to loan, cost of loan defaults ND transaction and operating costs.However it is important to note that there is approximately 450 million people untouched by any micromanage services. These people are often referred to as â€Å"unbreakable† because they rely on family members or moneylenders for financial services. During 2005-201 0, India experienced a boom in micromanage with state, Andorra Pradesh, leading the reform. However it was soon realized that Miff were using unethical practices to collect payments from borrowers. These practices escalated to cause many borrowers to commit suicide, little of borrowing and accept high interest rates to avoid Miff.The state government of Andorra Pradesh responded by enacting the Andorra Pradesh Micromanage Institutions (regulation of money lending) Act in 2010. The act made it they didn't have to pay back the loans and the government would protect them. This led the repayment rate to plummet from 99% to a mere 10%. The act was trying to protect the borrower and punish Miff for charging exorbitant interest rates and causing over borrowing. Critics of the act state that She were also part of the crisis ND that they were not negatively affected by the act as Miff were.They state that government backed She were also part of over borrowing and the act limits Miff business and successfully reduces competition between both micromanage institutions. The act negatively affected Miff profitability, loan recovery and their overall operations. The result of the crisis left many Miff at negative worth, this in return limits their accessibility to garner fresh funds and their overall ability to reach the rural poor. According to the norms, banks are not allowed to lend to banks that have negative worth.The crisis left micromanage companies like SHARE Microfilm, Ashman Microfilm, Spandex Sporty Financial, Trident Microfilm, and Future Financial Services unable to disburse fresh loans to clients. Banks also lost trust in Miff and there has been a serious liquidity crunch. Increased costs of borrowing coupled with the inability to access new funds further strained the profitability of Miff. Len conclusion, the enactment of the Andorra Pradesh Act stifled the access of basic financial services to the poorest of India citizens. The current goal for Indian's micro manage sector is poverty alleviation through uncial inclusion and inclusive growth.The 2010 Andorra Pradesh Crisis highlighted a few issues of Indian's micromanage sector. The crisis was due to high interest rates and multiple memberships and borrowing. Other issues include inadequate outreach and coverage, lack of regulation, limited product innovation, rising Naps and recovery issues, ratings of Miff and data availability. Proposed Micromanage Bill of 2012 After the 2010 Andorra Pradesh Crisis, the government was very worried over the state of Miff and proposed a bill to the development and regulation of Miff.The bill allows the central government to be the sole regulator and supervisor of Miff by creating the Micro Finance Development Council to oversee the development of Miff. Specifically the bill wants all Miff that are Non Banking Financial Companies (NBS) to be regulated by RIB while Miff that aren't companies would be regulated by the respective state governments because th ey will be able to take a more localized approach and be better equipped to serve them. The bill would also require Miff to provide an annual balance sheet, profit and loss account for audit to RIB at the end of ACH fiscal year.RIB would also have the authority to set the maximum annual interest charged and maximum limit on the margins Miff are allowed to make. RIB becoming the prime regulator for Miff increases uniformity and stability. However critics of the bill rather have a whole entire new body to regulate the micromanage sector such as Micromanage Regulatory and Development Authority. Key issues that still need to addressed: relating to margin, interest rate cap, allowing collection of thrift by Miff, enabling Miff to render other services than credit like pensions, insurance, etc. Ceiling limit on credit, and regulation. Critics don't want a cap on interest rates or margins because they believe that it negatively affects the entire private micromanage sector. Specifically pr ice controls only benefits a few while The bill lacks specific provisions, which would provide and facilitate financial inclusion at an affordable cost to poor and weaker sections. The bill doesn't address what led to the AP Crisis: multiple credit lending, over-indebtedness, multiple memberships and coercive measures adopted by Miff.

English Teaching (Textbook Evaluation) Essay

â€Å"A conversation Book one: English in Everyday’s Life† is a revised third edition book that provides a wide variety of vocabulary and student-centered learning activities for teachers to apply when teaching students. To begin with, the book advocates for teachers to use a communicative teaching approach method when teaching students. In addition, it inspires and recommends students to actively engage in the use of proper language in classrooms which eventually enhances their learning skills.   This book also advocates for students to use English when communicating and conversing with one another which actually heightens their fluency in English. In regard to this, the students acquire good communication skills and techniques that are essential in expressing their thoughts and feelings especially outside classrooms. As a matter of fact, the book provides students with good listening and communication skills which in time are applicable in critical thinking and evaluation. Furthermore, the book emphasizes more on conversation and communication rather than grammatical accuracy. Therefore, the grammar rules are learned inductively throughout each lesson in the book.   This book is also designed for the beginners and low intermediate student although I believe it is also appropriate for both the young and aged learners. I recommend for a more detailed approach in case the book is to be used for young learners because it really emphasizes on the language conversational skills needed in everyday’s life. Additionally, I perceive this book as not actually being essential to those students lacking a basic familiarity with the English alphabet and also those who do not have prior experiences using the language skills of listening and speaking in their native languages. I would not recommend this book to be used by first language learners since it makes an assumption that all learners have general experiences in everyday’s activities. Teachers can use this book either sequentially from the beginning to the end or in a random order which is actually provided in the teacher’s guide. The teacher’s guide is a very easy to follow procedure which contains warm-up activities for each lesson with preceding steps on suggestions about the contents in the book.   In addition, the objectives are clearly stated for each lesson with a wide variety of extended activities for each lesson while there is also a section that gives an overview of all the activities and the objectives of each lesson. On the contrary, there are no supplementary materials included within this textbook. The student’s guide contains guidelines on the first page of every unit which actually facilitate learning and comprehension of the unit. In addition, this small section in each unit actually guides students in understanding, developing, and broadening their learning skills. There are also sections for: Vocabulary; grammar and conversation; individual or partner and group activities, and sections for cross-cultural exchanges which in reality allow the class to discuss their cultural differences.   The student’s guidebook also encourages students to discuss and talk about their opinions regarding their cultures. This eventually helps them in clarifying any confusion they might encounter about cultures while learning English as language. There are also sections of discussion in the book which allow students to review and answer questions on already discussed topics. In these sections, teachers are allowed to ask questions which students are eligible to answer while in c lass. Finally, the individual, partner and group activities provide students with lots of opportunities in language. These activities actually involve: Assigning of specific roles when playing; total physical response (TPR); vocabulary memory games; journal writing assignments; and activities that involve story-telling, survey, problem solving and discussions. In regard to these, students will acquire numerous opportunities of thinking, discussing and sharing answers while using this textbook which eventually helps them interact well with one another hence making the learning process more meaningful. The vocabulary section in each unit provides students with new vocabularies. These equip students with adequate language words which help them develop sufficient confidence and familiarity with the language. Additionally, the presentation of vocabulary in appropriate levels enables students to understand the text and be able to comprehend the new vocabulary which actually is not repeated in subsequent lessons; this reinforces their meaning and use through the textbook. The book also contains: Pictures which clarify vocabulary; interactive and task based activities for students to apply the new learned vocabulary and instructions for students to read before working on the exercises at the end of each unit. In conclusion, I would like to say that â€Å"practice makes perfect†. Therefore, students should communicate regularly in English or any other language for them to learn and perfect on that language. I would also recommend teachers to provide supplementary materials to students since none are provided in this book. These include: Homework and class assignments; drills, listening and speaking quizzes, and tests. The teacher should also incorporate more audio-visual materials and provide additional materials and exercises to reinforce grammar points in the textbook and review vocabulary words.   Generally, I believe that this textbook is appropriate to be used in ESL/EFL classes since it coincides with the goals of the course and also appropriate for the students in low beginner class.